Why Do Some Individuals Develop PTSD? Risk Factors and Resilience

AMFM (A Mission for Michael) meets those laboring through PTSD and trauma with compassion, clinical concern, and integrative treatment. To understand PTSD—post-traumatic stress disorder—is to understand where it starts, why it gets some more intensely than others, and how we develop the resilience that keeps us going. This page takes you through the causes of PTSD, risk factors, what contributes to building resilience, and how AMFM makes all of it possible.

Male patient asking therapist "Why did I get PTSD but my friend did not?" at AMFM

What Is PTSD?

PTSD is a learnt mental disorder that follows exposure to or witnessing of a traumatic event: near-death crashes, natural disasters, rape, violence, or combat. Symptoms are re-living the trauma with flashbacks and nightmares, avoidance of reminders, negative thoughts and mood changes, and hyperarousal (easily startled, easily irritable). Symptoms disrupt daily functioning, work, and interpersonal relationships.1

Most people who have been exposed to trauma do experience initial reactions of stress—fear, mourning, anxiety—but not everyone develops PTSD. It is a matter of risk, exposure, biology, and support for which cruelty, chaos, or crisis become chronic PTSD in some (but by no means all) individuals.

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How Prevalent Are Traumatic Events and PTSD?

An estimated 6.8% of American adults will have experienced PTSD at some time during their lifetime; lower but still substantial in adolescents. Nearly half of all U.S. adults report having had one or more traumatic experiences during their lifetime, but exposure is not synonymous with PTSD.2

Exposure to trauma is common, but PTSD doesn’t affect everyone in the same way, which underscores the role of risk and resilience factors in determining who develops long-term symptoms. 

Key Risk Factors for PTSD

By following thousands of cases, researchers have come to understand some of the predictors that increase the likelihood of developing PTSD after trauma:

1. Severity, Duration, and Type of Trauma

The more serious or life-threatening the experience, the higher the risk. Physical trauma, rape, or threat of death is especially likely to produce lifetime PTSD symptoms. Earlier previous, ongoing, or repetitive trauma (e.g., chronic abuse) increases the risk.3

2. Previous Trauma & Adversity

Childhood trauma, abuse, or a history of earlier traumatic experiences can make a person more vulnerable. When someone has already faced significant adversity, it often amplifies the effects of any future trauma.4

3. History of Mental Health

Previous mental illness—e.g., depression, anxiety disorders— can weaken coping mechanisms and enhance vulnerability to PTSD.

4. Inadequate Social Support and Post‑Event Stressors

After a traumatic event, the support—or lack of it—surrounding the person plays a major role. Losing loved ones, facing financial hardship, dealing with strained relationships, or lacking social and family support can all increase the risk of developing PTSD.5

5. Individual Differences: Age, Gender, Personality

Women are more likely than men to develop PTSD following similar traumatic experiences. Younger individuals—especially adolescents—also tend to struggle more with recovery. Personality traits such as high neuroticism, low resilience or self-efficacy (a belief in one’s ability to cope), and reduced emotional stability can further increase vulnerability.6

How PTSD Interferes with Daily Life

PTSD interferes with in concrete ways:

  • Sleep can be disrupted by insomnia or recurring nightmares.
  • Triggers during the day may lead to flashbacks or overwhelming anxiety.
  • Mood shifts often include guilt, shame, emotional numbness, or persistent negative thoughts about oneself or the world.
  • Hyperarousal symptoms include being constantly on edge, jumpy, or overly alert—even when no real danger is present.
 

These symptoms disrupt work, school, parenting, and self. Clients come in with physical health issues as well as mental health issues—heart rate and chronic pain—all overlapping.7

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How Risk & Resilience Play Off of One Another

Some people may face every known risk factor yet avoid PTSD thanks to strong resilience. Others may encounter only a few risk factors, but without protective support, they’re deeply impacted. Ultimately, how trauma shows up—and how long it lasts—depends on the complex interplay of the event itself, a person’s biology, their environment, and how they care for themselves afterward.8 For example, a person who survived a deadly natural disaster but has social support and relatives, few pre-existing mental health issues, and access to therapy will heal. Another with additive trauma, loneliness, or alcohol addiction is likely to have more severe PTSD symptoms.

What Resilience Looks Like

Risk does not equal fate. Most individuals who are exposed to trauma recover or adapt well due to resilience factors that serve as protective buffers against PTSD:

  • Strong relationships with friends, family, and trusted support systems
  • Healthy coping skills like finding meaning, staying flexible in how you think, and maintaining hope
  • A safe, stable environment and secure emotional bonds during and after the trauma
  • Timely access to mental health care, including therapy, psychiatry, and trauma-informed support
  • Feeling connected to a supportive community—belonging can make a real difference in recovery

AMFM's Approach: Care & Healing

At AMFM, we don’t treat the diagnosis, we treat the whole person. Here’s how we combine the science of risk and resilience into real professional mental health care near you:

1. Personalized Assessments

We begin by learning about the traumatic experiences you’ve been through—including their severity, frequency, and impact on your life. We also explore your mental health history, social context, and current challenges.

2. Evidence-Based Treatments

We use proven therapies such as:

  • EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)
  • CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)
  • Exposure Therapy
 

These approaches help process trauma memories, reduce emotional reactivity, and rebuild a sense of control.

3. Medication Management

When appropriate, we offer psychiatric support, including SSRIs and other medications to help manage anxiety, depression, and other co-occurring symptoms.

4. Group and Peer Support

We foster community by offering structured support groups and connection with peers who understand what it’s like to live with trauma.

5. Resilience-Building Skills

We teach mindfulness, stress regulation, grounding techniques, and help clients rebuild confidence and autonomy.

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From Survival to Healing: How AMFM Helps You Reclaim Your Life

PTSD isn’t a life sentence. It’s the delayed aftershock of something that blew by your nervous system’s natural capacity to handle it. It’s your body and brain trying their best to survive something that shouldn’t have occurred in the first place. But PTSD doesn’t appear exactly the same in everyone—and it doesn’t signal the end of your story. So many people who felt broken by trauma now find themselves remodeling, rebuilding, and rising because of resilience. At AMFM, we understand what pushes someone toward PTSD and what leads them out. If trauma is taking over your life—or someone’s you care about—AMFM is here to help you, step by step.

We don’t just treat symptoms—listen to the story behind them. At AMFM, our trauma-informed therapists near you know how PTSD weaves its way into every area of life: your sleep, your relationships, feeling safe. That’s why our treatment combines evidence-based therapy, personalized care, and support systems that enable actual healing. Regardless of whether you’re coping with flashbacks, avoiding triggers, or just making it through the day without your brain getting swamped to the point of suffocation, we invite you to join us. You’re not “too much” or “too broken”—you’re getting by. And if you have the proper tools, support, and safe haven to heal, you can do better than get by. You can rebuild.

U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), “Post‑Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),” nimh.nih.gov, accessed September 13, 2025, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post‑traumatic‑stress‑disorder‑ptsd National Institute of Mental Health

PTSD: National Center for PTSD. “Resilience and Risk Factors After Disaster Events.” U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Last modified March 26, 2025. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/disaster_events/for_providers/resilience_risk_factors.asp 

National Institute of Mental Health. “Traumatic Events and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Last reviewed December 2024. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. “Child Trauma.” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Last updated 9 months ago. https://www.samhsa.gov/mental-health/trauma-violence/child-trauma

Halligan, Sarah L., and Rachel Yehuda. “Risk Factors for PTSD.” PTSD Research Quarterly, no. 11, no. 3 (Summer 2000). The National Center for PTSD. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/publications/rq_docs/V11N3.pdf

Olff, Miranda. “Sex and Gender Differences in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: An Update.” European Journal of Psychotraumatology 8, no. sup4 (2017): 1351204. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1351204

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2022.

Southwick, Steven M., and Dennis S. Charney. Resilience: The Science of Mastering Life’s Greatest Challenges. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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